Agriculture & food
Bilateral free trade and investment agreements seriously impact the lives of farmers, and consumers of food. With World Trade Organization (WTO) talks on agriculture now at a virtual standstill, bilateral and regional free trade negotiations are increasingly being used to further liberalize farming sectors, or in the hope of gaining access to new markets for agricultural exports.
Agribusiness lobbies have been generally critical of the tendency of bilateral FTAs to exclude sensitive food and agricultural products. Now, FTAs are often used to try to force open markets for agricultural products which have been exempted in previous trade negotiations, and to also target non-tariff barriers like product standards which relate to food.
Not only do many FTAs include sections on agriculture, but, like the WTO, they often include provisions or chapters on sanitary and phytosanitary standards (SPS) and technical barriers to trade (TBT) which constrain the power of local communities and national governments to set their own standards in relation to biosafety, food safety and other health concerns. Meanwhile the power and control of transnational agribusiness corporations over seeds and biodiversity is advanced through WTO-plus intellectual property provisions (see the Intellectual Property Rights section), through investment liberalization provisions which facilitate corporate/overseas investor takeovers of land and domestic food production (see Investment) .
The free trade agenda in agriculture has been set by and for corporate agribusiness. Small farmers all over the world are reeling as tariffs are slashed and subsidies and price controls, if they ever existed, are cut. Meanwhile subsidized US and EU farm goods are able to flood local markets and undercut what can be locally produced. It is not surprising that Korean farmers have been at the forefront of the mobilizations against the Korea-Chile FTA, the WTO and the US-Korea FTA nor that campesinos in Mexico, Central and South America have mobilized against the WTO, NAFTA, CAFTA, the FTAA and various bilateral free trade agreements.
Mexican campesinos’ experience of NAFTA afternearly two decades leaves them with no illusions as to the promises about free trade in agriculture, and they have been at the forefront of resistance to this agreement. Since NAFTA, floods of cheap, subsidized, and often genetically-modified U.S. corn have entered Mexico, sold at prices below the cost of production, with which campesinos cannot compete. This has led to massive displacement, poverty and hunger, pushing people into the cities and maquiladoras (sweatshop factories), and forcing many to risk their lives crossing the increasingly militarized border into the USA in search of work.
While the US and EU demand that others open their markets up to US and European goods, services and investment, their position on agriculture in bilateral free trade agreements has fuelled criticism that Washington and Brussels say one thing about free trade, but practices another.
For example, the US sugar industry successfully lobbied so that US trade negotiators excluded sugar from the FTA Agreement with Australia, the world’s fourth largest sugar producing nation. The US refusal to open up its market to Australian sugar imports once again called into question Washington’s double standards as it demands liberalization from other countries but maintains protection for its corporate farmers. Likewise, in both the Australia FTA and in other FTAs with agricultural exporting countries, the US has made minimal concessions when it comes to reducing tariffs on agricultural imports (like meat and dairy, in the Australian case).
Agriculture has been controversial in other bilateral free trade agreements. Korean farmers led sustained opposition to the FTAs which Seoul signed with Chile and the US, concerned about the impact of floods of cheaper farm imports on their livelihoods (in the latter, Washington insisted on Korea agreeing to completely free trade in rice). Following the 2003 FTA with China, in which tariffs were removed from a significant number of fruit and vegetables from China, causing a flood of cheaper imports into Thailand, Thai farmers and others have questioned the sense of agricultural liberalization through FTAs when they face being displaced and their livelihoods destroyed by such deals.
Governments renounce their right to control food exports and imports when they sign FTAs with the USA and the EU. This is also spurring resistance. For example, mass mobilizations in South Korea brought safe food concerns to the streets in opposition to the resumption of US beef imports in conformity with the US-Korea FTA. Via Campesina, a global peasant and small farmers’ movement, has mobilized against the corporate takeover of agriculture, biotechnology, the WTO and other free trade agreements, and in support of food sovereignty. Each country, it argues, should have the right to define its own agricultural policies in order to meet its domestic needs.
This should include the right to prohibit imports to protect domestic production and genuine agrarian reform to provide peasants and small/medium-sized producers with access to land. At its fifth international conference in Maputo, Mozambique in November 2008, Via Campesina committed to redouble its struggle against FTAs and EPAs, after earlier calling for the removal of all negotiation in the areas of food production and marketing from the WTO and from all regional and bilateral agreements.
last update: May 2012
Articles
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7-Nov-2018 Both Ends UPOV 91 and trade agreements: Compromising farmers’ right to save and sell seeds
Increased effort to include references to UPOV 91 in EU trade agreements impose intellectual property rights on seeds, which can restrict the farmers’ right to save and re-use seeds and undermine local seed systems -
20-Sep-2018 OCARU Conversando con Andoni García: “La agricultura no puede ser un elemento de las negociaciones de la OMC”
La Soberanía Alimentaria, como marco y horizonte político de lucha, nos llevó a conversar con Andoni García, un dirigente campesino, productor de leche -
28-Aug-2018 GRAIN Trade agreements privatising biodiversity outside the WTO: 2018 update
FTAs often oblige countries to adopt or implement the UPOV convention, what some call "Monsanto laws". -
30-Jul-2018 UTIA Trade agreement with Japan is crucial for US beef industry
Research from the University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture indicates that a trade agreement with Japan is crucial for the US beef industry -
25-Jul-2018 La Via Campesina Small–scale farmers of Africa and Denmark reject free trade agreements
Free trade agreements on farm products benefits primarily transnational corporations and furthers the industrialisation of agriculture. All at the expense of local food production. -
4-Jul-2018 IISD Matière à réflexion : peser la santé et l’investissement à l’ère de la nouvelle pandémie
Un affrontement potentiel entre les accords commerciaux et d’investissement et les mesures de santé publique pourrait impacter réglementations sur les produits alimentaires et les boissons néfastes. -
3-Jul-2018 IISD Food for Thought: Weighing up health and investment in the age of the new pandemic
A potential collision course between trade and investment agreements and public health measures could impact countries’ regulations of unhealthy food and drinks. -
29-Jun-2018 Street Roots Author Raj Patel on the oligarchy of food
The economist says we can shake the yoke of corpocracies, reclaim our food supply and bring collective solutions to the table -
28-May-2018 The Guardian Chicken safety fear as chlorine washing fails bacteria tests
British microbiologists find that American technique at heart of Brexit trade row does not kill listeria and salmonella -
24-Apr-2018 La Vía Campesina ¡El libre comercio tiene que permanecer fuera de la Agricultura!
Declaración Foro Internacional sobre los Impactos del Libre Comercio en la Agricultura, organizado por La Vía Campesina Sudeste y Este de Asia. -
17-Apr-2018 La Vía Campesina Hoy #17Abril: Exigimos que se garanticen los Derechos de lxs Campesinxs ¡Basta de TLC, basta de impunidad!
La Vía Campesina llama a resistir de manera organizada a los tratados que intentan apoderarse de nuestros bienes naturales y mercados locales, para beneficio del capital transnacional y del agronegocio con el encubridor silencio de los Estados. -
16-Apr-2018 Marcha Frente a los TLC: Día Internacional de las Luchas Campesinas
El movimiento internacional de organizaciones campesinas, trabajadores/as rurales migrantes y jornaleros/as sin tierra, hace un llamado a articular acciones para visibilizar las graves consecuencias sufridas por los Tratados de Libre Comercio (TLC). -
11-Apr-2018 La Via Campesina Día Internacional de las Luchas Campesinas 2018: ¡Llamado de La Vía Campesina a articular acciones unitarias descentralizadas!
¡Por tierra y por la vida! ¡Basta de Tratados de Libre Comercio, basta de impunidad! -
10-Apr-2018 La Via Campesina Journée internationale des luttes paysannes 2018 : Appel de La Vía Campesina pour des actions unitaires décentralisées !
Pour la terre et la vie ! Assez des Traités de Libre Échange, assez de l’impunité ! -
10-Apr-2018 La Via Campesina International day of peasants’ struggles 2018: La Via Campesina calls for the coordination of decentralised, united action!
For land and for life! Enough free trade agreements, enough impunity! -
23-Mar-2018 Revista Pueblos La OMC, los tratados de comercio e inversión y sus consecuencias en la agricultura europea
La Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC) y los acuerdos de comercio e inversión apuntalan un modelo de agricultura y alimentación convertido en negocio, no en derecho. -
28-Feb-2018 Food Navigator USDA is pursuing trade agreements of all sizes as NAFTA negotiations continue
While NAFTA’s status remains in limbo, the US Department of Agriculture is “leaving no stone unturned” in its efforts to strike trade agreements with countries outside of North America that will benefit US farmers, ranchers and manufacturers of finished goods -
27-Feb-2018 World Grain Cargill executive stresses importance of NAFTA, TPP to US agriculture
The world is fed on trade and the United States must secure its place at the table with fair and sound trade policies, most notably NAFTA and the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), said a Cargill executive. -
23-Feb-2018 The Guardian Red tape in the meat industry? It’s the difference between life and death
Without regulations that scrutinise food standards and trade deals, we cannot trust the safety of the food on our plates. -
22-Feb-2018 The Guardian ’Dirty meat’: Shocking hygiene failings discovered in US pig and chicken plants
Previously unseen government records detail ‘deeply worrying’ incidents in pork and poultry plants, raising fears of ‘dirty meat’ entering the UK under a post-Brexit trade deal.
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Agritrade: EPAs
News & commentary specifically on the agricultural trade negotiations within the EU-ACP Economic Partnership Agreements, run by CTA (English/French) -
Comparing EU FTAs: Agriculture
Looks at the agricultural trade provisions of the EU’s seven Mediterranean agreements and the FTAs concluded with South Africa, Mexico and Chile -
Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy (IATP)
IATP is a non-governmental organisation based in Minneapolis, MN that focuses on the link between international policy and local action for sustainability in the food system -
La Via Campesina
La Via Campesina is an international movement of peasant organisations, farm workers, rural women and indigenous communities. (English, Spanish, French, Portguese)
